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General guide for fertilizing vegetables
Published on: April 20, 2023 Modified on: 26 April 2024
Setting up a technological plan for fertilizing vegetable crops involves certain technological processes that must be taken into account in order to obtain a healthy crop with an increased production yield. They take place before the cultivation of the crop but also during the phenological stages of the plants.
- Choice of land (open space or protected environment);
- Cleaning the land of plant residues of the previous crop;
- Knowing the soil properties (texture and structure of the soil). These can be discovered following pedological analysis of the soil;
- Agrotechnical works, specific works that take place before the actual setting up of the vegetable crops, both in protected spaces and in the field;
- Soil disinfection with specific products, using ecological or conventional methods.
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Fertilizing vegetables – Classification
- Basic fertilization with specific fertilizers (organic, organo-mineral, mineral);
- Localized fertilization;
- Staggered fertilization.
Basic fertilization
Along with the land preparation, basic fertilizers can be applied under the furrow. They can be organic (well-decomposed manure – garden mould) or mineral NPK type fertilizers + microelements.
The amounts of fertilizer that can be applied vary depending on the soil properties, the plants to be cultivated and the crop rotation. Consumption from a nutritional point of view varies depending on the nutritional requirements of the plants.
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Localized fertilization
This can be carried out at the same time as sowing or it can take place when planting the seedlings that have reached the right shape and size (3-4 true leaves). Specific water-soluble fertilizers or NPK type fertilizers + microelements can be used.
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Staggered fertilization
It is the most often used method for plant nutrition. This takes place in all stages of vegetative growth, from the formation of the root system, the growth and development of the foliage, the formation of the fruits and their ripening. The fruit ripening phenophase is a critical moment in which various symptoms of nutritional deficiencies may appear. Deficiencies can be of Calcium, but also of Potassium, elements essential in the formation and ripening of fruits.
Depending on the stage of development, plants have different needs in terms of nutrients and water.
Stage I – Starter
The starter stage of fertilizing takes place simultaneously with the irrigation that is applied through the drip tape with pre-set drip holes or with a drip hose. At the beginning of this stage, plants generally need a larger amount of Phosphorus, Calcium and Potassium.
Phosphorus (P) – helps the formation of the root system, ensures the resistance of plants to conditions of physiological stress.
Potassium (K) – directly influences the quality and quantity of the harvest.
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Stage II – Flowering and fruit-setting
In the flowering and fruit-setting phase, fertilizers containing N, K, Mg, Ca and B are used.
- Nitrogen has a particularly important role:
- it is directly involved in the chemical composition of some acids, proteins, vitamins, enzymes, etc.;
- at chemical level, it has an important role in cell formation and division;
- ensures the vigor and energy of the plants;
- is directly involved in the growth and development of the plant.
- Boron helps in the fertilization process of flowers.
- Magnesium helps in the photosynthesis process, being a very important cation.
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Stage III – Vegetative growth and fruit formation
In this stage of vegetative growth, water-soluble fertilizers with a higher concentration of N, K and Ca can be used. This stage represents a critical moment in which the plants need a larger amount of N to sustain the vegetative growth, and also the fruits that are starting to form.
An NPK type fertilizer with equal quantities of nutritional elements can also be used, for example: 20-20-20. It is applied depending on the nutritional intake, which depends on the quality of the soil, its leaching capacity or the quality of the irrigation water.
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Stage IV – Ripening of fruits
In this phenological stage, it is necessary to apply fertilizers with a higher concentration of K to induce ripening, coloring, but also the assimilation of carbohydrates in the fruit. It is recommended that microelements such as Ca be included in this stage of vegetative growth. Calcium is an important element that prevents various deficiencies, and thus, the quality and quantity of the harvest will be positively influenced. The NPK type fertilizers with higher potassium concentrations can be applied before the beginning of fruit pigmentation.
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Additionally:
- Foliar fertilizing can be carried out simultaneously with root fertilization. This comes as an additional help in supplementing the necessary nutritional substances, having an essential role in the quality of the harvest;
- Foliar fertilizers can be applied either through micro-sprinklers, or by using spraying equipment;
- Foliar fertilizers provide a percentage of 15-20% of the total nutrient requirements of some crops. Fertilization by fertigation being the most important in this process that ensures the nutritional quantities necessary for vegetable plants;
- In order to obtain high-quality harvests, it is recommended to apply root fertilizers simultaneously with foliar fertilizers;
- Other substances such as biostimulators that promote growth and fruiting, or inoculums with mycorrhizal fungi can be introduced in the fertilizing of vegetable crops. These represent an alternative to chemical treatments, helping to limit plant stress by acting on certain phytohormones (cytokinins, auxins, gibberellins, etc.).
